Cancer

We do not yet know what causes Ovarian Cancer. But we do what increases the risk of developing ovarian cancer. You are at higher risk of developing ovarian cancer if: You are over 55; the average age at diagnosis is found to be 63 You have a family history (risk is higher for 1st degree relatives) You have BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation You have a history of breast, uterine or colorectal cancer You have a genetic link to Lynch syndrome You started menstruating before 12 yrs of age You have…

With a palliative care policy formulated in 2008, Kerala has become a path-breaker and a model for the rest of the country. Professor Devi Vijay of IIM Calcutta provides some insights into this community-based aspect of health care.  1. What can the rest of the country learn from the success of the Kerala palliative care story?How can other countries and communities leverage this community-based model?  There are several elements of the Kerala palliative care movement worth examining…

Maya Ramachandran shares her experience as a caregiver to her parents and the learnings she drew from this. Caregiving is soul-satisfying, meaningful, draining and frustrating all at the same time. I had been a caregiver for my father for almost 16 years. My mother took charge from the forefront and I was with her, supporting her to the best of my ability through this period. However, for the last two years of my father’s life, I took on the role of ‘primary caregiver’, as my mother…

Diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma The doctor will take your case history, carry out physical examination and recommend laboratory tests and imaging studies. Physical examination focuses on the location and size of all palpable lymph nodes, abnormal lung sounds, and enlargement of liver, spleen, or both.  Laboratory studies The doctor may recommend the following:  Complete blood picture: may be normal in early stages but in advanced stages there may be either decrease in the red blood…

Treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma The choice of treatment of HL is based on the stage at presentation and prognostic factors. Today, the most widely used approach is a combination of chemotherapy with radiation therapy. This approach yields a greater than 90% cure rate. Early-stage (stage I-II) favourable disease is treated with short term chemotherapy  with ABVD (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) or BEACOPP or Stanford V regimen. Radiation therapy (20-30 Gy) usually 2 to…

Risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma The risk factors for Hodgkin’s lymphoma are infectious agents, immunity and genetic susceptibility. Infectious agents: Prior Infectious mononucleosis (IM) infection and Measles virus (MV) infection has been recognised as a risk factor for HL. People with HIV infection are more prone to develop Hodgkin’s lymphoma and this along with Kaposi’s sarcoma is considered as AIDS-defining cancers. This means that if a person with HIV has one of these cancers, it can…

There are two broad divisions of lymphomas; Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.  Hodgkin’s lymphoma Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) is a cancer that arises from B lymphocytes. Also known as Hodgkin’s disease, it was first described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1831. This is less common than non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and accounts for approximately 15% of all lymphomas and is common in young adults. It is characterised by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. Early diagnosis can lead to full…

There are roughly over 60 types of lymphomas which are commonly grouped as Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin. Symptoms can be general and can be seen almost anywhere in the body not just the area where the cancer is around. Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin's Lymphoma Approximately one-third of the patients may have disease-related symptoms, including B symptoms and pruritis (itching of the skin). Less commonly, patients may report pain in involved regions after ingestion of alcohol.  B symptoms are…

Ensure that patients understand their diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis and complications of therapy, which, in rare occasions, may result in a fatal event.  Discuss potential complications of treatments with your doctor. Hodgkin's lymphoma Renal failure as a result of tumor lysis syndrome from therapy is a potential risk in all patients, especially those with a high tumor burden. Aggressive management of this potentially life-threatening complication should be clearly addressed…

Prevention of Hodgkin's Lymphoma The exact cause of Hodgkin’s lymphoma is not yet known. The only way to prevent it is by lowering one's risk factors such as obesity, HIV etc. Prevention of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma The exact cause of Hodgkin’s lymphoma is not yet known. The only way to prevent it is by lowering one's risk factors such as obesity, HIV, HTLV-1 infection etc. Prevention of Burkitt's Lymphoma Some risk factors associated with the Sporadic form can be lowered, most particularly…