Neurological Conditions

How to effectively manage migraine Patient education and trigger avoidance: The patient needs to understand the nature of the headache and what triggers it. The triggers need to be avoided. To help, the patient can keep a pain diary to record the features, duration and intensity of pain, along with trigger factors and associated symptoms. The treatment options are listed here Know your support team: Who can help General practitioners Neurologists Internal medicine specialists Specialists in…

Causes of Migraine Causes are multifactoral with various genetic and environmental factors playing important roles. The patient may have a history of migraine in the family. Mutations of the gene in chromosome 1 and 19 are responsible for positive family history. Disturbances in the release of certain brain chemicals called serotonin and dopamine may also cause migraine. Migraine has two parts: 1) the aura and 2) the headache. (Symptoms of aura are mentioned below.) Cerebral blood vessels…

How is Migraine diagnosed? Migraine cannot be diagnosed clearly by neuroimaging yet. Neuroimaging, like MRI, is done to exclude other conditions associated with headache, like a blood clot in the brain. Migraine diagnosis is based on history. The clinical criteria to confirm migraine are: Migraine without aura At least 5 headache attacks (in 15 days or more per month for more than 3 months) fulfilling 2 to 4 of the criteria given below. Headache lasting 4 to 72 hours The headache has at least…

Prevention of migraine attacks ⦁    Recognise your triggers and avoid them. ⦁    Stay hydrated and get enough sleep. ⦁    Follow stress reduction techniques or relaxing techniques. ⦁   Alternately, your doctor may prescribe preventive medications like beta blockers calcium channel blockers, monoclonal antibodies etc . These drugs reduce the frequency and intensity of the migraine attack. Read more on these options here   References   1…

Symptoms of Migraine Migraine pain can vary from mild to severe. If mild, patient has a tight feeling in the head and neck. In a severe migraine attack, the patient experiences throbbing pulsatile (pulsating) pain, which spreads to the shoulder and neck, too. Pain in adults may last for 4 to 72 hours, whereas in children it lasts for 2 to 4 hours. There are 4 phases in a migraine attack. They are:   Premonitory phase: This phase is also called prodromal symptom, which includes physical…

Treatment Options for Migraine Acute medicines: taken at the time of an attack Analgesics like paracetamol for pain Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen Anti-emetics to prevent nausea and vomiting Triptans to treat an acute attack Ditans  like lasmiditan Dihydroergotamine like prochlorperazine Gepants – Ubrogepant, Atogepant and Rimegepant, these don’t cause rebound or medication overuse headache like some other drugs. Combination of these acute medicines for…

There are various types of migraine as mentioned below: Migraine without aura – the most common type of migraine with a pulsating headache on one side of the head. Migraine with aura – headache affected by flashing or wavy lights. Older people are more prone to it. An aura can manifest as visual disturbances like flashes of light or blind spots or other symptoms such as difficulty in speaking and tingling on face or arm or leg. Chronic migraine – occurs 15 days per month over three months or…

The central nervous system is made of numerous cells called neurons. Neuron consists of 2 parts - cyton (cell body) and axon. The axon is covered by myelin, which helps in the conduction of nerve impulses or signals between the neurons. In multiple sclerosis, myelin in certain parts of the central nervous system is destroyed thereby impairing the conduction of nerve impulses. The exact cause of MS is not known, but some factors like immunity and genes are thought to play a role.  MS could…

In additon to what is described in the treatment section, it is also important to  Adopt a healthy lifestyle - Keep the following in mind: Take rest Exercise regularly – walking, swimming, yoga (depending on your condition). Do exercises that strengthen and stretch muscles.  Stay cool – heat exacerbates the problem Eat a healthy, balanced diet with lots of fibre and fish. Omega-3 fatty acids protect against inflammation.  Reduce stress  Learn relaxation techniques Adapt…

Diagnosing multiple sclerosis  There is no single specific diagnostic test available, but in practice, the diagnosis is done typically based on the presenting signs and symptoms, in combination with supporting medical imaging and laboratory testing.  Clinical data alone may be sufficient for a diagnosis of MS if an individual has had separate episodes of neurologic symptoms characteristic of the disease. In those who seek medical attention after only one attack, other testing is…